3.4 Hydrogen Supply Chains

The general components of green hydrogen supply chains are shown in the figure below. The production of hydrogen via electrolysis is the central element of all supply chains. Renewable electricity and treated water are needed for the electrolytic production of green hydrogen. Usually, the hydrogen cannot be consumed directly at the place of its production. Therefore, the next step in the supply chain is conditioning for storage or transport (see 3.2 Hydrogen Storage). The type of this conditioning depends on the form in which the hydrogen is to be transported and stored. If ammonia, methanol or a synthetic fuel is produced, additional feedstock substance (carbon dioxide or nitrogen) is needed in addition to electrical energy and water. If LOHCs are used for the storage and transport of hydrogen, a respective carrier liquid is needed.

At present, it is still uncertain which technologies and carrier media will become established in future supply chains for green hydrogen. It is conceivable that not only one path will emerge, but that different supply chains will be realised depending on the respective boundary conditions. In principle, the distance between the place of production and consumption as well as the form in which the energy is demanded by the end consumer will probably determine the composition of the respective supply chain. Thus, scientific analyses show that in many cases it is advantageous, both in terms of total supply costs and energy efficiency, to transport the hydrogen in the form in which it has to be supplied to the customer at the end. 

To illustrate this, three supply chains for providing different consumers with green hydrogen or its derivatives are presented in the following. Since, as already mentioned, there are currently no supraregional supply chains for green hydrogen, the examples presented here only illustrate possible future scenarios that are realistic from today's perspective.